Ruth wodak .( D.A )

• Ruth Wodak

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  Lancaster University, Linguistics and English Language, Faculty Member

Lancaster University, Linguistics and English Language, Faculty Member

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Ruth Wodak is Distinguished Professor and Chair in Discourse Studies at Lancaster University since 1/9/2004 (personal chair). She moved from Vienna, Austria, where she was full professor of Applied Linguistics, University Vienna, since 1991 (she is still supervising PhD students at the Department of Linguistics, University Vienna).Ruth is past-president of the Societas Linguistica Europea. On February 6, 2010, Ruth was awarded an honorary doctorate by University Orebro, Sweden. In September 2010, Ruth became member of the Academia Europaea. On December 19, 2011, Ruth was awarded the Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver for Services to the Republic of Austria (Großes Silbernes Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich) (see https://plus.google.com/photos/108476165525172811802/albums/5689034182536784017?authkey=CPjX67rShNuptQE&banner=pwa&gpsrc=pwrd1#photos/108476165525172811802/albums/5689034182536784017for some details of the ceremony). 

Besides various other prizes, Ruth was awarded the Wittgenstein Prize for Elite Researchers in 1996 which made six years of continuous interdisciplinary team research possible. The main projects focused on "Discourses on Un/employment in EU organizations; Debates on NATO and Neutrality in Austria and Hungary; The Discursive Construction of European Identities; Attitudes towards EU-Enlargement; Racism at the Top: Parliamentary Debates on Immigration in Six EU countries; The Discursive Construction of the Past - Individual and Collective Memories of the German Wehrmacht and the Second World War." In October 2006, she was awarded the Woman's Prize of the City of Vienna. 

Her research is mainly located in Discourse Studies (DS) and in Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Together with her former colleagues and Ph.D students in Vienna (Rudolf de Cillia, Gertraud Benke, Helmut Gruber, Florian Menz, Martin Reisigl, Usama Suleiman, Christine Anthonissen), she elaborated the "Discourse-Historical Approach in CDA" (DHA) in the 1990s which is interdisciplinary, problem-oriented, and analyzes the change of discursive practices over time and in various genres. 

She is member of the editorial board of a range of linguistic journals, co-editor of the journals Discourse and Society, Critical Discourse Studies (with John Richardson andPhil Graham) and Journal of Language and Politics (with Paul Chilton). Together with Greg Myers, Ruth edits the book series DAPSAC (Benjamins) (the most recently published monograph in the DAPSAC series is Journalism and Politics). 

Ruth has held visiting professorships in Uppsala, Stanford University, University of Minnesota, and Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. In the spring 2004, she had a Leverhulme Visiting Professorship at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. 2007, she was awarded the Kerstin Hesselgren Chair of the Swedish Parliament and stayed at University of Örebro, Sweden, from March to June 2008. 

Ruth's main research agenda focus the development of theoretical approaches in discourse studies (combining ethnography, argumentation theory, rhetoric, and text linguistics); organizational communication; identity politics and politics of the past; language and/in politics; racism, prejudice and discrimination. 
2010, a special issue of the European Journal of Cultural Studies, edited by Lynne Pearce (English Department, Lancaster) and Ruth was published , focusing the construction of regional and national identities in the media and in fiction. A special issue of Critical Discourse Studies together with John E. Richardson (Newcastle) on 'Discourse, History, and Memory' was published in October 2009. In this special issue, we present a range of different discourse theoretical approaches to the discursive construction of memory and the past(s). Another special issue ( The Journal of Language and Politics) is dedicated to New Discourses in Contemporary China (edited by Paul Chilton, Hailong Tian and Ruth Wodak) (2010). This special issue will be published as edited volume in 2012, updated and revised (Benjamins). 

The edited volume Memory and Justice (Passagen Verlag, Vienna), co-edited with Gertraud Auer (Kreisky Forum, Vienna) was also published in November 2009. This volume is dedicated to European and more global, transnationalaspects of commemoration and to the many ways societies deal with traumatic pasts. Moreover, Ruth has just published (together with P. Kerswill and B. Johnstone) a new comprehensive Handbook of Sociolinguistics (2010). Ruth's monograph The discourse of politics in action: politics as usual has been published in June 2011 in paperback (second revised edition, Palgrave). The co-edited book, with Gerard Delanty and Paul Jones, Migration, Identity and Belonging has also just been published as paperback in March 2011 (Liverpool Univ. Press). 

Moreover, two edited volumes are in press: Analysing European Fascism: Fascism in Text and Talk (co-edited with John Richardson, Routledge 2012); Rightwi
Phone: +441524592437
Address: County South 
Department of Linguistics and English Language 
Lancaster University 
Lancaster LA1 4YL

   

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Dr. Jorge Ruiz-Menjivar

Assistant Professor
Family Financial Management

Dr. Ruiz-Menjivar is an Assistant Professor of Family and Consumer Economics and State Specialist in the area of Family Financial Management for the Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences at the University of Florida. He earned his doctoral degree in Financial Planning, Housing and Consumer Economics from the University of Georgia.

His current research focuses on financial risk tolerance—its measurement using modern psychometric theory (e.g., Item Response Theory and Rasch Measurement Theory), and its cross-cultural and transnational applications. Additional current projects include research efforts on financial well-being and financial education with researchers in Latin America and Asia.

Dr. Ruiz-Menjivar teaches “FYC 4003: Personal and Family Financial Counseling” every Spring semester. This class explores theories and counseling strategies and best practices for the delivery of financial education and advising of individuals and families. The class prepares students for the Accredited Financial Counselor (AFC®) certification.

In his commitment to help Floridians improving their financial well-being, Dr. Ruiz-Menjivar’s extension involvement includes projects and initiatives that encompass financial literacy and education, effective money management, healthy financial behavior and habits, and tax preparation assistance in conjunction with the Internal Revenue Service (i.e., Volunteer Income Tax Assistance, or VITA program). He is a member and co-leader of the Family Financial Management Priority Work Group.

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Discourse analysis (DA), or discourse studies, is a general term for a number of approaches to analyze written, vocal, or sign language use, or any significant semiotic event.

The objects of discourse analysis (discourse, writing, conversation, communicative event) are variously defined in terms of coherent sequences ofsentences, propositions, speech, or turns-at-talk. Contrary to much of traditional linguistics, discourse analysts not only study language use 'beyond the sentence boundary' but also prefer to analyze 'naturally occurring' language use, not invented examples.^[1] Text linguistics is a closely related field. The essential difference between discourse analysis and text linguistics is that discourse analysis aims at revealing socio-psychological characteristics of a person/persons rather than text structure.^[2]

Discourse analysis has been taken up in a variety of disciplines in the humanities and social sciences, including linguistics, education, sociology,anthropology, social work, cognitive psychology,social psychology, area studies, cultural studies,international relations, human geography,communication studies, biblical studies, andtranslation studies, each of which is subject to its own assumptions, dimensions of analysis, and methodologies.

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Polysemy

Polysemy

What is Polysemy ?
     
      Polysemy is the association of one word with two or more distinct meanings.

A polyseme is a word or phrase with multiple meanings.

Adjective: polysemous or polysemic.


In contrast, a one-to-one match between a word and a meaning is called monosemy.

Homonymy is the relation between words with identical forms but different meanings that is, the condition of being homonyms. A stock example is the word bank as it appears in "river bank" and "savings bank."


Homonymy and polysemy both involve one lexical form that is associated with multiple senses and as such both are possible sources of lexical ambiguity. But while homonyms are distinct lexemes that happen to share the same form, in polysemy a single lexeme is associated with multiple senses. The distinction between homonymy and polysemy is usually made on the basis of the relatedness of the senses: polysemy involves related senses, whereas the senses associated with homonymous lexemes are not related.


Examples of polysemy:


Man

1. The human species (i.e., man vs. animal).

2. Males of the human species ( i.e., man vs. woman).

3. Adult males of the human species (i.e., man vs. woman).

This example shows the specific polysemy where the same word is used at different levels of a taxonomy. Example 1 contains 2, and 2 contains 3.

Mole 1. A small burrowing mammal.
2. Consequently, there are several different entities called moles. Although these refer to different      things, there names derive from 1. :e.g. A mole burrows for information hoping to go undetected. 2. The building where a financial institution offers services.3. A synonym for 'rely upon' (e.g. "I'm your friend, you can bank on me"). It is different, but related, as it derives from the theme of security initiated by 1. However: a river bank is a homonym to 1 and 2, as they do not share etymologies. It is a completely different meaning. River bed, though, is polysemous with the beds on which people sleep.2. A text reproduced and distributed (thus, someone who has read the same text on a computer has read the same book as someone who had the actual paper volume).3. To make an action or event a matter of record (e.g. "Unable to book a hotel room, a man sneaked into a nearby private residence where police arrested him and later booked him for unlawful entry.").
The verb milk (e.g. "he's milking it for all he can get") derives from the process of obtaining milk. type of construction equipment.3.

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COLLOCATION

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METAPHOR SUMMARY

    METAPHOR

    Metaphor is a figure of speech which makes an implicit, implied or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated but share some common characteristics. In other words, a resemblance of two contradictory or different objects is made based on a single or some common characteristics.

     Most of People think of a metaphor as a device used in songs or poems only, and that it has nothing to do with our everyday life.

       In simple example English, 

  "He is  the black sheep of the family"

Is a metaphor because he is not a sheep and is not even black. However, we can use this comparison to describe an association of a black sheep with that person. A black sheep is unusual animal and typically stays away from the hard, and the person you are describing shares similar characteristics. 

        Furthermore, a Metaphor develops a comparison which is different from a simile we do not use "Like" or "as" to develop a comparison in a metaphor.

      Common examples of metaphor:

• My brother was boiling mad. »«this implies He was too angry.
• The assignment was a breeze. »«this implies that the assignment was not difficult.
• Her voice is music to his ears. »«this implies that her voice makes him feel happy.

  

       Function of metaphor

In short, Function of metaphors are both in our daily lives and in a prece of literature. Using appropriate metaphors appeals directly to the senses of listeners or readers, sharpening their imaginations to comprehend what is being communicated to them.

Source : Metaphor-examples and definition of metaphor.

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SIMILE

      A simile is a comparison between two different things using the word "like" or "as" to make the comparison. Similes are generally easier to identify thanmetaphors, but not always. 

 Common Examples of Simile 

• our soldiers are as brave aslions.
• her cheecks are red like a rose.
• he is as funny as a monkey.
• the water well was as dry as a bone.

    Function of Simile
 In short, the function of similes attracts the attention and appeals directly to the senses of listeners or readers encouraging their imagination to comprehend what is being communicated. 




Source : -easy and hard simile examples
              -examples and definition of simile 

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Dear Ambiguity

• AMBIGUITY IN SEMANTIC

A word, phrase, or sentence is ambiguous if it has more than one meaning. The word 'light', for example, can mean not very heavy or not very dark. Words like 'light', 'note', 'bear' and 'over' are lexically ambiguous. They induce ambiguity in phrases or sentences in which they occur, such as 'light suit' and 'The duchess can't bear children'. However, phrases and sentences can be ambiguous even if none of their constituents is. The phrase 'porcelain egg container' is structurally ambiguous, as is the sentence 'The police shot the rioters with guns'. Ambiguity can have both a lexical and a structural basis, as with sentences like 'I left her behind for you' and 'He saw her duck'.

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semantics

Words are not limited to one single meaning. Most words have multiple meanings, which are categorized as either denotative or connotative. The denotation of a word is its explicit definition as listed in a dictionary. Let’s use the word “home” as an example. The denotative or literal meaning of “home” is “ a place where one lives; a residence.” Hint: Denotation, denotative, definition, and dictionary all start with the letter ‘D.The expressiveness of language, however, comes from the other type of word meaning—connotation, or the association or set of associations that a word usually brings to mind . The connotative meaning of “home” is a place of security, comfort, and family. When Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz says, “There’s no place like home,” she’s not referring to its denotation, but the emotions “home” evokes for her and most people. The connotative and denotative meanings of words are both correct, but a word’s connotation determines when it is used. By definition, synonyms have the same denotation or literal meaning, but almost always have different connotations, or shades of meaning. For example, the synonyms of “boat” include ship, yacht, dinghy, and ferry. All these words refer to the same thing, but each elicits a different association in the reader’s mind.

Denotation and Connotation 

• Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, the "dictionary definition."¨ For example, if you look up the word snake in a dictionary, you will discover that one of its denotative meanings is "any of numerous scaly, legless, sometimes venomous reptiles¡Khaving a long, tapering, cylindrical body and found in most tropical and temperate regions."
• Connotation, on the other hand, refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. The connotative meanings of a word exist together with the denotative meanings. The connotations for the word snake could include evil or danger.

·         An implication is something that is suggested, or happens, indirectly. When you left the gate open and the dog escaped, you were guilty by implication.

Implication has many different senses: Usually used in the plural, implications are effects or consequences that may happen in the future. You might ask, "What are the implications of our decision?" Implication is also the state of being implicated, or connected to something bad

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SEMANTIC

                  Euphemism"Euphemism Definition"
What is Euphemism ??
Euphemism is an idiomatic expression which loses its literal meanings and refers to something else in order to hide its unpleasantness.
For example, “kick the bucket” is a euphemism that describes the death of a person.
Euphemism depends largely on the social context of the speakers and writers where they feel the need to replace certain words which may prove embarrassing for particular listeners or readers in a particular situation.
"Techniques for Creating Euphemism"
         Euphemism masks a rude or impolite expression but conveys the concept clearly and politely. Several techniques are employed to create euphemism.It may be in the form of abbreviations e.g. B.O. (body odor), W.C. (toilet) etc.Foreign words may be used to replace an impolite expression e.g. faux (fake), or faux pas (foolish error) etc.Sometimes, they are abstractions e.g. before I go (before I die).
       Euphemism is frequently used in everyday life. Let us look at some common euphemism examples:You are becoming a little thin on top (bald).Our teacher is in the family way (pregnant).He is always tired and emotional (drunk).We do not hire mentally challenged (stupid) people.He is a special child (disabled or retarded).
"Examples of Euphemism in Literature"
Example #1Examples of euphemism referring to sex are found in William Shakespeare ’s “ Othello” and “ Antony and Cleopatra ”. In “ Othello”, Act 1 Scene 1, Iago tells Brabantio:“I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs.”

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Referent

A referent is a person or thing to which a linguistic expression or other symbol refers. For example, in the sentence Mary saw me, the referent of the word Mary is the particular person called Mary who is being spoken of, while the referent of the word me is the person uttering the sentence

SYMBOLS AND REFERENTS ARE TWO DIFFERENT OBJECTS

     So the second most important thing to know about symbols and referents is that they are two different objects. And because they are two dutifferent objects they have two different quality sets, each one describing the object that the quality set belongs .

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Ketulusan

Mampu menerima hal baik atau buruk dan yang terpenting adalah keikhlasan dalam bertindak meskipun masalah akan hadir .iklas :)

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